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Black Photos are one of storage devices. Drivers, having trouble in passing the data is the material. Other times the tiles don Free taskbar repair tool downloads - …. Download Taskbar Repair Tool Plus! March 24, Copy Download Link paste this to your browser Comments. Licencja: freeware. User Rating. Right-click Start and open a command prompt as administrator. Let it finish and see repairs anything. USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes as floppy disks were.
They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable due to their lack of moving parts. Until approximately , most PC and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disc drives, but most recent equipment has abandoned floppy disk drives in favor of USB ports.
Nothing moves mechanically in a flash drive; the term drive persists because computers read and write flash-drive data using the same system commands as for a mechanical disk drive, with the storage appearing to the computer operating system and user interface as just another drive. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example.
The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing plugging into a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist. Some devices which combine the functionality of a digital audio player with flash-drive-type storage require a battery for the player function.
These had very limited capacity, were very slow for both reading and writing, required complex high-voltage drive circuitry, and could only be re-written after erasing the entire contents of the chip. Hardware designers later developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken up into smaller "fields" that could be erased individually without affecting the others.
Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the entire field into an off-chip buffer memory, erasing the field, modifying the data as required in the buffer, and re-writing it into the same field. Flash drives are more or less a miniaturized version of this.
The development of high-speed serial data interfaces such as USB made semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage viable, and the simultaneous development of small, high-speed, low-power microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems.
Serial access requires far fewer electrical connections for the memory chips than does parallel access, which has simplified the manufacture of multi-gigabyte drives. Computers access modern[update] flash memory systems very much like hard disk drives, where the controller system has full control over where information is actually stored. The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, however, still very similar to the earlier systems described above.
Many low-cost MP3 players simply add extra software and a battery to a standard flash memory control microprocessor so it can also serve as a music playback decoder. Most of these players can also be used as a conventional flash drive, for storing files of any type. IBM's USB flash drive became available on December 15, ,[6] and had a storage capacity of 8 MB, more than five times the capacity of the commonly used floppy disks floppy disks having a capacity of 1.
A court in Singapore ordered competitors to cease selling similar products[8] that would be covered by Trek's patent, but a court in the United Kingdom revoked[9] one of Trek's patents in that country. The fastest drives currently available use a dual channel controller, although they still fall considerably short of the transfer rate possible from a current generation hard disk, or the maximum high speed USB throughput.
Typical overall file transfer speeds vary considerably, and should be checked before purchase. Speeds may be given in Mbyte per second, Mbit per second, or optical drive multipliers such as "X" times KiB per second. Inside the plastic casing is a small printed circuit board.
Mounted on this board is some power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits ICs. Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface to the USB port, another drives the onboard memory, and the other is the flash memory. Drives typically use the USB mass storage device class to communicate with the host. Usbkey internals. NAND flash is typically also used in digital cameras.
Having this second space allows the manufacturer to use a single printed circuit board for more than one storage size device. Some flash drives use retractable USB connectors instead. Others have a swivel arrangement so that the connector can be protected without removing anything. Connecting the cap, rather than the body, can allow the drive itself to be lost. Because the USB port connectors on a computer housing are often closely spaced, plugging a flash drive into a USB port may block an adjacent port.
Such devices may only carry the USB logo if sold with a separate extension cable. USB flash drives have been integrated into other commonly-carried items such as watches, pens, and even the Swiss Army Knife; others have been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or LEGO bricks.
The small size, robustness and cheapness of USB flash drives make them an increasingly popular peripheral for case modding. Heavy or bulky flash drive packaging can make for unreliable operation when plugged directly into a USB port; this can be relieved by a USB extension cable. The ubiquity of this file system allows the drive to be accessed on virtually any host device with USB support. Also, standard FAT maintenance utilities e. ScanDisk can be used to repair or retrieve corrupted data.
However, because a flash drive appears as a USB-connected hard drive to the host system, the drive can be reformatted to any file system supported by the host operating system. Defragmenting: Flash drives can be defragmented, but this brings little advantage as there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment. Flash drives often have a large internal sector size, so defragmenting means accessing fewer sectors.
Defragmenting shortens the life of the drive by making many unnecessary writes. Some USB flash drives have this functionality built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others do not, therefore the end user should check the specifications of his device prior to changing the file system for this reason. Therefore USB flash units can be partitioned as hard drives.
These are typically low capacity USB drives which are modified so that they emulate larger capacity drives e. When plugged into a computer, they report themselves as being the larger capacity they were sold as, but when data is written to them, either the write fails, the drive freezes up, or it overwrites existing data.
Software tools exist to check and detect fake USB drives[14]. Individuals also store medical alert information on MedicTag flash drives for use in emergencies and for disaster preparation. The use of biometrics and encryption is becoming the norm with the need for increased security for data; OTFE systems such as FreeOTFE and TrueCrypt are particularly useful in this regard, as they can transparently encrypt large amounts of data.
In some cases a Secure USB Drive may use a hardware-based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data. They are also used as a means to transfer recovery and antivirus software to infected PCs, allowing a portion of the host machine's data to be archived. As the drives have increased in storage space, they have also replaced the need to carry a number of CD ROMs and installers which were needed when reinstalling or updating a system.
While any standalone application can in principle be used this way, many programs store data, configuration information, etc. Applications must be modified for the U3 platform not to leave any data on the host machine. U3 also provides a software framework for ISVs interested in their platform. Ceedo is an alternative product with the key difference that it does not require Windows applications to be modified in order for them to be carried and run on the drive. Similarly, other application virtualization solutions and portable application creators, such as VMware ThinApp for Windows or RUNZ for Linux can be used to run software from a flash drive without installation.
A wide range of portable applications which are all free of charge, and able to run off a computer running Windows without storing anything on the host computer's drives or registry, can be found in the list of portable software. COFEE is a set of applications designed to search for and extract digital evidence on computers confiscated from suspects.
Such a configuration is known as a Live USB. While a Live USB could be used for general-purpose applications, size and memory wear make them poor choices compared to alternatives.
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